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INTEGRATING GEOPHYSICAL AND REMOTE SENSING APPROACHES TO ASSESS SALTWATER INTRUSION AND VEGETATION SHIFTS ON SAPELO ISLAND**

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of saltwater intrusion (SWI) on tree mortality in coastal ecosystems and shifts in coastal vegetation zones. Utilizing an integrated approach of geophysical methods and remote sensing technologies, the study aims to assess the spatial extent of SWI and its correlation with tree mortality. The objectives for this research include (1) an assessment of the extent of SWI on Sapelo Island, (2) an analysis of the relationship between SWI and tree mortality, and (3) an evaluation of the impact of SWI on shifts in coastal vegetation zones. Electrical resistivity (ER) was employed to map subsurface features and structures. Piezometers were utilized to collect depth-to-water and hydrochemical data such as electrical conductivity. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was utilized to calculate NDVI and EVI as a proxy for shifts in vegetation zones at the study site. The study’s findings show a spatial overlap in areas that have detectable SWI and areas showing vegetation stress and mortality. Findings also reveal significant differences in NDVI (F = 1311.0, p < 0.001) and EVI (F = 729.01, p < 0.001) values within the coastal vegetations zones when comparing their shifts over a ten-year period (2015-2025). This study uses an integrated approach of geophysical and remote sensing methods to quantify SWI impacts on vegetation dynamics at a barrier island ecosystem. These findings highlight the importance of using adaptive coastal management strategies to mitigate SWI impacts and preserve ecosystem resilience.

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